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The border of the state at any time is the cutting edge, its defenders are always on guard. At all times, the protection of the borders of the Fatherland was one of the most responsible, difficult and honorable tasks, which the Motherland entrusted only to its best soldiers. Years passed, the methods of protecting the border guards changed, the names of the border guards changed, the borders themselves changed, but one thing has remained unchanged for centuries - this is the honor and dignity of the guards of the border.
The current generation of guards of the Belarusian border remains faithful to the best military traditions, demonstrating high combat skills and civil maturity. Soldiers-border guards conscientiously carry out the most responsible tasks of ensuring the border security of the Republic of Belarus, protecting its economic interests, and combating transnational crime.
People in green caps guard about two thousand kilometers of the state border. They also control the section with the countries of the European Union, which is also the external border of the Union State and the CIS countries. Our borders are rightfully considered one of the safest and most protected in the world.
In the Republic of Belarus, the traditions of the border troops are sacredly honored, the continuity of generations is preserved. The current generation of border guards sacredly honors and increases the fighting traditions of the older generations. Below is a brief historical overview of the development of the border service from ancient times to the present day.
With the beginning of the formation on the territory of Belarus of the first state formations - principalities, their state institutions began to form: the army (team), embassy service, border protection. At that time, the concept of “state border” did not exist either. To designate the limit of territorial possessions, the concepts of “border”, “edge”, and later “frontier” were used. The borders of the territories of these principalities were natural boundaries: rivers, swamps, lakes, ridges of hills. They, especially water bodies, dividing the space into parts, were an insurmountable obstacle in the way of the enemy troops.
Oral traditions that have survived to this day have preserved the name of one of the very first defenders of the Russian land - the epic hero Ilya Muromets. He was a brave Russian knight, he defended the borders of his native land from enemies. He was buried in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, where his incorrupt remains are miraculously preserved to this day.
The most ancient legally formalized border on the territory of modern Belarus was the border with the Polish principalities. Thus, the existence of a border with the Principality of Mazovia is known from chronicle sources dating back to the 9th century. And in 966, the Kiev Grand Duke Vladimir and the King of Poland Boleslav signed an official agreement on the division of spheres of influence, which actually established the state border between the Kyiv principality and the Kingdom of Poland.
Already under the first Russian princes, the forces of squads, militia and border population guarded the border, erected fortress cities and defensive structures, smoke and fire lines of communication. During the siege, everyone knew his place and defended it with desperate courage. In the North-West and West of Ancient Rus', the cities of Novgorod, Pskov, Polotsk, Staraya Ladoga, Koporye, and others reliably carried out the border service.
Subsequently, fortified places began to be erected on the borders of the principalities - frontier fortresses, the predecessors of the current border outposts. On the territory of Belarus, one of such border fortresses of the Polotsk principality was Mensk. In 1067, the Kiev prince Izyaslav Yaroslavovich laid siege to the border fortress of Mensk, which blocked his path to Polotsk. Despite the inequality of forces, it was not possible to intimidate Minsk residents. They refused to surrender and, judging by the chronicle, fiercely defended their fortress. Prince Vseslav of Polotsk, having made a march with his army from Novogorodok to Mensk, found only ashes here.
Frontier watchmen and frontier castles had to repeatedly engage in battle with the enemy, tying down his forces and making it possible to gather the main army. So, in 1208, when the combined forces of the Livonian Germans and the Crusaders attacked the Kukeynos castle, the border fortress of the Polotsk principality in the Baltic states, Prince Vyachka with his small squad courageously defended it for several days, but, not having received timely help from Polotsk, burned the fortress and left with the remnants of his squads to the East.
Thanks to the impeccable border patrol service of the Principality of Polotsk, and later the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (hereinafter referred to as GDL), the princes always had the opportunity to assemble an army in a timely manner to repel the enemy even before he invaded the borders of his state and give a general battle on its borders.
At the end of the 15th century, on the territory adjacent to the border, in order to strengthen the border defensive line and strengthen the power of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, governorships were established. Then all the border territories were united into a separate border military district with the center in Smolensk and headed by the Smolensk governor.
For almost the entire period of the existence of the BKJI, the main task of its border guard was the continuous monitoring of the adjacent territory in order to detect enemy troops. However, during the military reform of the 1770s, the formation of the border guard BKJ1 began as one of the special bodies of the state, exercising control on the border roads over the exit and entry of people, the import and export of goods into or out of the state.
Since at that time the border service in the BKJI was not considered honorary for the noble and noble gentry, the regiments of the Front Guard were completed with landless gentry, Tatars, free burghers and peasants. Each regiment organizationally constituted ten banners, and its number was 1098 cavalrymen. But, despite the ignorance of their origin, the soldiers of the Front Guard regiments in the fighting of 1792-1795 showed better combat capability, greater stamina and courage than the rest of the BKJI troops. Unfortunately, they could not save their state.
After the final division of the Commonwealth, several regiments of the Front Guard were retained as separate military units and included in the Russian army, then taking part in the armed defense of the frontiers of the empire and in solving other tasks in the border regions of the empire.
To protect the western borders of the empire, the Cossack army was involved.
During the Patriotic War of 1812, the Cossacks were engaged in reconnaissance, organizing a partisan movement behind enemy lines, and participated in the Battle of Borodino. After 1812, the main task of the border guards, according to the imperial decree, was the fight against smugglers. Often, skirmishes between border guards and violators of the border developed into fierce, in the full sense of the word, battles with skirmishes and the death of guards.
Nicholas I first determined that the border guard, which was part of the Department of Foreign Trade, should be arranged and organized as a purely military structure. At the same time, the green color becomes a kind of distinctive symbol of the border guards - the uniforms of the ranks of the guard were trimmed with instrumental cloth of this particular color.
In 1827, a border guard was established along the western land and sea borders of the empire. The gradual transfer of the border guards to the position of a military organization begins. All this led to the separation from the customs department into an independent combat unit called the Separate Border Guard Corps (hereinafter - OKPS). The first commander of the border corps was General of Infantry Svinin DD Troops OKPS * included the Directorate, 7 districts, 31 brigades, Belomorsky and Kerch special departments, detachments and posts. The total number of the corps was 36,709 people.
With the outbreak of the First World War, the border guards became part of the army and fought on various fronts. The tasks that were assigned to the border guards at the front were often very difficult and dangerous. They acted in the first orders of the troops, conducted reconnaissance, covered the retreating units of the Russian army, and were the basis of sabotage groups sent to the rear of the German troops. As a result, OKPS suffered very heavy losses. According to modern Russian research, out of 37,163 people who were part of the corps on the eve of the war, 36,460 people were killed and wounded during the war years.
The situation in Soviet Russia and on its borders urgently required the acceleration of work to close the borders. In April 1918, the issue of entrusting border protection to special border formations was considered. Moreover, one of the most important tasks of the new Soviet border guard was to strike the first blow against enemy units in the event of an invasion of Soviet territory. The formation of the Soviet border guard took place at a difficult time. The old was destroyed and the new was not created. There was no longer OKPS, but there were veterans who continued to serve. Their experience was necessary for the border guard of the Soviet state.The border parts of the district were formed under extremely difficult conditions of a complete shortage of personnel.
May 28, 1918 Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (hereinafter - SNK) Lenin VI signed the Decree on the establishment of the border guard of the Republic of Soviets. The provisions of the Decree are almost entirely borrowed from the "Rules on the OKPS" of 1910 and the "Instructions for the Service of the Officials of the OKPS" of 1912.
Felix Dzerzhinsky formulated the basic principle of ensuring the protection of socialist borders: "The border is a political line, and a political body must protect it." In accordance with this principle, the Council of People's Commissars in 1920 decided to transfer the protection of all borders to the Special Department of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (hereinafter - the Cheka). Parts of the troops that provided military cover for the borders also passed into the operational subordination of the Dzerzhinsky department.
The new instruction to the units of the Cheka troops guarding the borders emphasized that the primary task of the special agencies border of the Cheka was to protect the border in a "military-political respect." At the same time, the task of serving the customs authorities and combating smuggling, although listed as the fourth point in the guiding document, actually came out on top.
The first border service in the Belarusian sector was the 40th Bogucharov division. Soon another special division was formed. Their headquarters were stationed in Minsk and Vitebsk. Barrage posts operated in the front and border zone - checkpoints that exercised political control over the crossing of the front line by individuals, fought against smuggling. The department of the Cheka troops for the protection of the western border of the republic was located in Smolensk and was divided into two departments with headquarters in Kyiv and Minsk.
With the end of the civil war, when the external fronts were liquidated, the frontier troops concentrated their efforts on the fight against spies sent into our country by foreign intelligence services. For three years, from 1922 to 1925, 2,742 violators were detained only on the site of five border detachments of the western border, of which 675 turned out to be agents of foreign intelligence. In November 1926, the Western border circle was renamed into Belorussian.
The accession of Western Belarus to the USSR radically affected the position of the protection of the state border with Lithuania by parts of the Belarusian District. After the annexation of Western Belarus to the BSSR on October 15, 1939, the border detachments of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (hereinafter referred to as the NKVD) of the BSSR came to guard the Belarusian section of the border with Germany, and on June 21, 1940 - and Lithuanian. The former Soviet-Polish border was not dismantled and existed until the German attack on the Soviet Union. For the purposes of internal security, the military personnel of the Belarusian border district carried out security service on the “old border”, for the passage of which the population needed special passes.
From 1939 until June 22, 1941, the troops of the USSR, especially on the western border, served without exaggeration with maximum tension. Practically not a day passed without a violation of the border in various forms, including armed ones. We had to deal with numerous breakthroughs into Soviet territory by individual German intelligence officers and reconnaissance, sabotage and espionage groups, the Polish anti-Soviet armed underground. In 1940 alone, the border guards of the Brest detachment detained more than five thousand border violators and confiscated contraband worth more than four hundred thousand rubles. The most important feature of the protection of the western border at that time was the fight against the subversive activities of foreign intelligence services.
On June 22, 1941, the border guards of the NKVD of the BSSR entered into battle with the troops of Nazi Germany, which started a war with the USSR. For courage and heroism shown in the battles for Belarus, thousands of border guards were awarded orders and medals, and 66 became Heroes of the Soviet Union, including six Belarusian border guards: Kazakevich DV, Kublitsky AM, Mirkovsky EV ., Pavlovich IM, Romanov PM and Spiridenko NK
The first border battles on June 22-23 were exceptionally fierce. The border guards had to fight with the superior forces of the enemy, who has absolute superiority in military equipment, but not a single outpost retreated without an order. The Pravda newspaper on the third day of the war, June 24, 1941, wrote: “Soviet border guards fought like lions, taking upon themselves the first sudden blow of a vile enemy. The KGB fighters covered themselves with immortal glory. They fought hand to hand, and only through their dead bodies could the enemy advance a span forward. The great Soviet commander Zhukov KG said: “I do not believe in gods, but if they exist, then these are border guards. They performed a miracle."
The defenders of the Brest Fortress covered themselves with unfading glory, where the personnel of the 17th (Brest) detachment fought together with the soldiers of the Red Army.
The feat of the border guards of the 9th outpost under the command of Lieutenant Kizhevatov AM has gone down in history forever. The Soviet border guard could be captured only under two conditions: when he was already dead or he was wounded, and he was in a serious, unconscious state. The feat of the 3rd outpost of the 86th (August) detachment, commanded by Lieutenant VM Usov, also entered immortality. For nine hours, a handful of brave men held back the onslaught of the Nazis. Three artillery attacks and seven violent attacks were repulsed by the border guards. And only when the Soviet soldiers ran out of ammunition and grenades, the Nazis were able to capture the trenches. Lieutenant Usov also died in the last hand-to-hand fight.
In the most difficult most conditions of the initial period of the war, many border guards of the Belarusian district were forced to find themselves behind enemy lines. These were fighters, political workers and commanders who, for various reasons, were unable to get out of the encirclement, as well as those who were captured and fled from it. Almost all of them - some immediately, some after establishing connections and preparatory work - joined already operating underground and partisan groups and detachments, were the initiators of the creation of new groups and detachments. Subsequently, most of them occupied various command and political posts in partisan formations.
Already in July 1941, an underground group in the Vesnitsky village council of the Ushachsky district was created by the head of the Lesinsky outpost of the 13th Berezinsky border detachment, Lieutenant Kudryavtsev FP The underground workers established ties with the population, conducting verbal agitation among them , calling for a fight against the invaders, and contributed to the unification of local patriots. Soon it was decided to create a partisan detachment and start an open armed struggle. The Nazis tracked down Kudryavtsev and one night surrounded the house where he was resting. Kudryavtsev fired back for a long time, but was killed.
In July 1941, a group of military personnel headed by political instructor VI Boyko, who served on the eve of the war in the 17th Brest border detachment and was a member of the Brest regional committee of the Komsomol, switched to partisan operations in the Kobrin region. In April 1942, the Boyko group became part of the partisan detachment named after I. IN AND. Chapaev, Boyko was appointed commissar of the detachment. But a month later, he died in battle.
Protecting the rear of the active Red Army during the war became the most important task of the border troops. In the first days of the war, anti-Soviet forces acted in support of the advancing German troops in the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus. Defensive operations in extremely unfavorable conditions, the absence of a solid front, the withdrawal of troops under the blows of superior enemy forces, fighting in the encirclement and leaving it in large and small groups complicated the situation in the rear of the active Red Army.On June 22-28 alone, on the territory of the BSSR, troops and state security agencies liquidated 11 sabotage-terrorist and espionage-gangster groups that carried out the task of Nazi intelligence: rob Soviet institutions, collective farms and state banks, kill commanders, Soviet and party workers, fire at convoys red army,
On the eve of Operation Bagration, the Directorate of the Border Troops of the NKVD of the Belarusian District was formed, and on April 30, 1944, the formation of border detachments of the district began in the Smolensk Region, which in July-August 1944 , as Belarus was liberated from the invaders, again entered the line of the western border.
In 1957, the Belarusian border district was renamed the Western Border District. On January 22, 1960, the Directorate of the Border Troops of the KGB of the Belarusian District was transformed into the Operational Group of the Border Troops of the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the BSSR. On April 1, 1963, it was merged with the Operational Group of the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR into the Western Border District of the KGB with headquarters in Kiev, and an operational department (hereinafter - OVO) of the district was created in Minsk. OBO troops guarded the Belarusian section of the Polish-Soviet border.
A heroic page in the history of the Western Border District is the participation *' of the border troops in the aftermath of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on April 26, 1986.
A special page in the history of the Border Troops is participation in the war in Afghanistan. In 1979-1989 the border guards took part in the fighting in Afghanistan, during which 34 border guards were killed - a Belarusian and a native of Belarus. More than 21,000 border guards who participated in the hostilities were awarded orders and medals of the USSR, seven became Heroes of the Soviet Union. One of them, Barsukov IP subsequently served in the 86th Red Banner Brest Border Detachment.
The latest history of the border troops on the territory of the Republic of Belarus dates back to the 90s of the 20th century. On September 20, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus adopted a resolution "On the subordination of the border troops of the State Security Committee of the USSR stationed on the territory of the Republic of Belarus." On January 15, 1992, a resolution of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus "On the establishment of the Main Directorate of Border Troops under the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus" was adopted. In February 1992, Major General Bocharov EM was appointed commander of the border troops of the Republic of Belarus.
By the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus dated September 26, 1994, Colonel VF Morkovkin was appointed head of the Main Directorate of Border Troops. On September 4, 1996, Major General Pavlovsky AA was appointed head of the Main Directorate of the Border Troops of the Republic of Belarus.
By the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus dated January 11, 1997, the Main Directorate was transformed into the State Committee of the Border Troops of the Republic of Belarus, on January 13, 1997 Major General AA May 26, 1998 President of the Republic of Belarus Lukashenko AG presented the Banner of the State Committee of the Border Troops of the Republic of Belarus to the Chairman of the State Committee, Lieutenant General Pavlovsky. April 10, 2007 Colonel Rachkovsky IA headed the State Committee of the Border Troops.
On September 27, 2007, the State Committee of Border Troops was reorganized into the State Border Committee of the Republic of Belarus (hereinafter referred to as the State Border Committee of the Republic of Belarus), and the border troops were reorganized into the bodies of the Border Service of the Republic of Belarus (hereinafter referred to as the OPS RB). The priority activity is the fulfillment by the border service of law enforcement functions to ensure a reliable barrier to cross-border crime at the state border. The military component has also undergone fundamental changes in order to maximize its preparation and linkage to use within the operational-military and operational-mobile methods of protecting the state border.For this purpose, a new organizational structure of the border units has been introduced.
On August 2, 2012, Colonel AD Boechko was appointed to the post of Chairman of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Republic of Belarus. At present, the Chairman of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Republic of Belarus is Colonel-General Maltsev LS, who was appointed to the post on November 2, 2013.
Today, the bodies of the border service of the Republic of Belarus are state bodies involved in the implementation of the state border policy, ensuring the border security of the Republic of Belarus and performing law enforcement functions. Border service bodies are an integral part of the national security system of the Republic of Belarus. To date, the OPS RB has 14 territorial bodies of the border service:
The Brest border group has been counting its history since May 1944, when a separate border detachment was formed from the personnel of the units of the Trans-Baikal border district to be sent to the western section of the USSR State Border, to the area of Brest. The detachment was named after FE Dzerzhinsky.
The Gomel border group considers September 3, 1997 to be the day of formation, when the border detachment was presented with the Battle Banner by the Deputy Chairman of the State Committee of the Border Troops of the Republic of Belarus, Chief of Staff, Major General KovalevEP
The Grodno border group began to form on May 24, 1944 in the Smolensk forests, when the Soviet Army delivered decisive blows to the armies of the Nazi invaders. On October 3, 1998, the new Battle Banner of the unit was awarded to the Grodno border detachment.
The Lida Border Detachment is the successor to the glorious traditions of the 18th Zhitkovichi Border Regiment. The detachment was formed on the basis of the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus on July 31, 1997. On August 25, 1998, the detachment was awarded the Battle Banner, this day became the Day of the formation of the unit.
The Pinsk border detachment was formed on December 3, 1993, when military unit 1235 was created by order of the commander of the border troops. January 3, 1994 is considered the day of formation, when the first order of the border detachment was signed by commander colonel Andreev Yuri Ivanovich.
The Polotsk border detachment was formed in accordance with the decision of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus on September 15, 1992. On September 24, 1992, the Commander of the Border Troops of the Republic of Belarus signed an order “On approval of the staff of the Polotsk border detachment”, since then this day has been celebrated as the Day of the unit.
The Smorgon border detachment was formed according to the territorial principle at the location of the 84th Oshmyany border detachment. The Smorgon border detachment was formed on the basis of the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus on September 15, 1992. The formation day of the unit is October 23, 1992. On June 16, 2009, the Smorgon border detachment was renamed the Smorgon border group.
The Mozyr border detachment was formed on November 18, 2014 on the basis of the Prudok border service department of the Gomel border group. On July 15, 2015, Colonel-General Leonid Semenovich Maltsev, Chairman of the State Border Committee of the Republic of Belarus, presented the Battle Banner to the border detachment.
Border control unit "Minsk". By the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus in August 1993, the Minsk-Airport checkpoint was transformed into the Minsk Airport checkpoint. In October 1998, the Mogilev border control department was included in the Minsk OKPP. On May 16, 2009, by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus, a separate checkpoint "Minsk" was transformed into a border control detachment "Minsk", and on June 22, 2011 the Battle Banner was awarded.
Communications and support group. On January 27, 1992, as part of the operational group "Belarus", a separate communications company of the border troops was formed with a location in the city of Minsk with the assignment of the conditional number 2007. In accordance with the decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus of June 4, 1997, the First Separate Communications Battalion was awarded the Battle Banner of the unit . On June 16, 2009, the First Separate Communications Battalion was renamed the Central Communications Center.
The military unit 2054 began its history in the same way since 1992. Initially, it was a security and support company under the Main Directorate of the Border Troops under the Council of Ministers of the BSSR. In 2009, by Presidential Decree, a separate military unit was organized - military unit 2054 - a support center for the State Border Committee. On November 18, 2014, through the merger of the Central Communications Center and the Support Center of the State Border Committee, the Communications and Support Group was formed.
The logistic support group has been counting down since March 4, 1993, when by order of the commander of the border troops of the Republic of Belarus, part 1463 was renamed into an automobile repair plant of the border troops under the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus, since 1996 - into an automobile repair plant of the border troops of the Republic of Belarus, and since 2007 years in the car repair plant of the border service. In 2009, part 1463 received the name "Plant for the repair of weapons and equipment." On April 1, 2012, two military units 1463 and 2455 were merged into the State Institution "Group of Logistics of the Border Service Bodies".
The 1st military hospital of the border service of the Republic of Belarus was established on November 31, 1993. The hospital began functioning on January 14, 1994. This date is the day of the formation of the hospital in the system of border troops.
Military unit 1250 - Separate Service of Active Measures (hereinafter - OSAM) appeared in 1993. May 31st is considered to be the founding day of the unit. Initially, OSAM fought against illegal migration. Later, the unit became involved in operations to combat economic crimes and drug trafficking at the border. Among the tasks are also countering terrorism and human trafficking.
The Institute of the Border Service of the Republic of Belarus was established on May 5, 2010. On July 1, 2010, the Institute began its work and became the assignee of the border faculty of the educational institution "Military Academy of the Republic of Belarus ". At present, the Institute is an independent university, a single effective mechanism for the formation of an integrated system of training, retraining and advanced training of human resources for the border service of the Republic of Belarus.
The main tasks for the guards of the border are still the protection of state borders, countering terrorists, smugglers, transnational crime and drug trafficking. Border service issues have always been of particular importance. Belarusians who have dedicated themselves to the border service, as before, will be distinguished by courage and endurance, adherence to principles and professionalism, exemplary performance of duty.
The administration of the site "Notes on the Cuffs" cordially congratulates the employees of the State Border Committee of the Republic of Belarus, veterans-border guards, all related to this difficult service on the 100th anniversary of the formation of the border service. Health to you and your loved ones, success in solving official tasks, and, having slightly changed the phrase of submariners, we wish that the number of your exits to the border was equal to the number of your returns to the outposts
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