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After the third partition of the Commonwealth in 1795, the Polish sovereign state disappeared from the European map for 123 years. In July 1914, the First World War began. Even before the war, thanks to the favorable attitude of the authorities, Polish paramilitary organizations appeared, uniting patriotic youth.
England and France did not want to leave the formation of the Polish statehood to the mercy of Germany and Austria-Hungary, and in August 1917 the Polish National Committee was created in Paris. In the committee, the main party of the Polish bourgeoisie, the “national democrats” (endeks) and its leaders, R. Dmowski, St. Grabsky and close to them I. Paderevsky. The governments of France, England, Italy and the United States recognized the committee as an "official political organization". In France, the “Polish army” was created from the Poles living abroad, commanded by General J. Haller in 1918.
On February 20, 1919, the Legislative Seimas appointed Piłsudski "Head of State and Supreme Leader". Needless to say, in the absence of the Sejm, and indeed of the constitution in general, he became an unrestricted dictator.
Most Polish historians portray their pre-war state as a peaceful, democratic country that strove to live with everyone in friendship and harmony. In fact, everything was exactly the opposite.
The armed conflict between the Polish Republic and the Western Ukrainian People's Republic on the territory of Galicia, which resulted in large-scale hostilities from November 1, 1918 to July 17, 1919. The war was fought in conditions of instability caused by the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the collapse of the Russian Empire and the Russian Civil War.
The peculiarity of the war was its spontaneity. Armed clashes began throughout Galicia, and only by mid-November did a permanent front appear. Also, until mid-November, the war was fought not by professional armies, but by volunteer formations of Ukrainians and Poles. After long positional battles (winter 1918-1919), the Polish army went on the offensive, driving the Ukrainian troops into the triangle of death. The last attempt by the Ukrainians to gain a foothold in Galicia was the Chortkiv offensive, which ended in victory for the Ukrainians, during which most of Galicia was occupied by the UGA. However, as a result of the Summer Offensive of the Polish troops, the Ukrainian Galician Army was forced to leave the region, moving to the Ukrainian People's Republic.
The war led to the establishment from July 1919 of the complete occupation of Eastern Galicia by Polish troops. Meanwhile, Bukovina became part of Romania during the war, and Transcarpathia became part of Czechoslovakia. On April 21, 1920, Symon Petlyura, on behalf of the UNR, agreed with Poland on the border between the states along the Zbruch River. However, he and his troops could no longer control the territory of the UNR, so the treaty was in fact not valid.
The Polish government pursued a policy of Polonization of the Ukrainian population in Galicia. For this, political, economic and cultural pressure was exerted on the non-Polish peoples. Despite this, the Ukrainian part of the population had its representatives in the Senate and the Seimas of the Polish state. After the end of the war, the Polish authorities pursued a policy of confrontation with Galician Ukrainians. The Ukrainian language was ousted from the official level, only Poles could occupy positions in local governments, etc. By 1923, the lands that previously belonged to Ukrainians were divided among Polish peasants.
The war between Poland and Soviet Russia, Soviet Belarus, Soviet Ukraine on the territory of the collapsed Russian Empire - Russia, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine in 1919-1921 during the Civil War in Russia. In modern Polish historiography, it is called the "Polish-Bolshevik War". The troops of the Ukrainian People's Republic and the West Ukrainian People's Republic also took part in the conflict; in the first phase of the war they acted against Poland, then units of the UNR supported the Polish troops.
None of the parties during the war achieved their goals: Belarus and Ukraine were divided between Poland and the republics that became part of the Soviet Union in 1922. The territory of Lithuania was divided between Poland and the independent state of Lithuania. The RSFSR, for its part, recognized the independence of Poland and the legitimacy of the Pilsudski government, temporarily abandoned the plans for a "world revolution" and the elimination of the Versailles system.
Despite the signing of a peace treaty, relations between the two countries remained tense.
A series of three armed uprisings by Poles and Polish Silesians that took place between 1919 and 1921 in Upper Silesia. The speeches were directed against the German authorities of the Weimar Republic and pursued the goal - to secede from the German state and merge with the Second Polish Republic, formed with the end of the First World War. In modern Polish history, uprisings are seen as a matter of national pride.
The Silesian uprising contributed to the transfer in 1922 (by decision of the League of Nations) about 1/3 of the territory of Upper Silesia to Poland.
The Polish-Czechoslovak border conflict began in 1919 between Poland and Czechoslovakia (two newly formed states). The dispute concerned Cieszyn Silesia, Orava and Spis.
The Czech Republic sent troops into the area controlled by the Polish provisional government on January 23, 1919. Czech troops took over the weaker Polish units. Most of the Polish troops at that time were involved in the fight against the Western Ukrainian People's Republic. The Entente forced Czechoslovakia to stop the aggression, and Czechoslovakia and Poland were forced to sign a new line of demarcation on February 3, 1919 in Paris.
But in March 1920, the conflict flared up with renewed vigor. Mass demonstrations of the Poles in the Teszyn region forced the government of Czechoslovakia to introduce martial law on this territory for a period of 1 month. In mid-May, the government of Czechoslovakia was again forced to introduce martial law in this area in connection with new actions by the Poles. On June 25, 1920, France again intervenes in the dispute. Exactly one month later, an Anglo-French military commission arrived in Czechoslovakia. The President of Czechoslovakia, Tomas Masaryk, said that if the Teszyn conflict was not resolved in favor of Czechoslovakia, his country would intervene on the side of Soviet Russia in the recently begun Soviet-Polish war. Poland, frightened by the prospect of a war on two fronts, made concessions.
The final treaty was signed at a conference in Belgium on July 28, 1920. The western part of the disputed Cieszyn Territory was granted to Czechoslovakia, while Poland received the eastern part.
The Polish-Lithuanian War (more often the “Zheligovsky Mutiny”) of 1920 is a rarely used designation of an armed conflict between Poland and Lithuania due to territorial disputes over the Vilna region.
On September 22, Polish troops launched an offensive. In some places, clashes between Polish and Lithuanian units took place after the Polish units crossed the Neman River in the Druskininkai region and occupied the city of Grodno on September 25. To prevent further clashes under pressure from the military control commission of the League of Nations, on October 7, 1920, an agreement was signed in the city of Suwalki, providing for a cessation of hostilities, an exchange of prisoners and a demarcation line demarcating Lithuanian and Polish territories in such a way that most of the Vilnius region was under the control of Lithuania .
The League of Nations tried to resolve the conflict by creating a federation (the Hymans Plan), but to no avail.
According to the resolution of the Vilna Seym, formed by the elections on January 8, 1922, adopted on February 20, 1922, and the Act of Reunification of the Vilna Region, adopted by the Constituent Seim in Warsaw on March 22, 1922, the Vilna Region unilaterally became part of Poland.
Lithuania recognized the annexation of the Vilna region by Poland only in 1938. On October 10, 1939, after the liquidation of the Polish state, the USSR returned Vilna (part of the Vilna region) to independent Lithuania.
After consultations between the Polish Foreign Minister J. Beck and Hitler in January 1938, a clash occurred on the Polish-Lithuanian border. Polish troops began to concentrate on the border with Lithuania.
A few days later, the government of Poland, with the support of Nazi Germany, presented a number of demands to Lithuania in an ultimatum form, threatening to occupy the country if they were rejected.
After a series of armed incidents on the Polish-Lithuanian border, the Lithuanian government accepted Poland's demand to open the border. Diplomatic relations have also been established between Lithuania and Poland.
The Teszyn conflict is a dispute between Poland and Czechoslovakia over the Teszyn region.
In June 1938, during informal negotiations between the Polish ambassador to Germany, Josef Lipski and Hermann Goering, the latter pointed out the admissibility of capturing the Teszyn region. In the diplomatic circles of Europe, the possibility of a referendum was again discussed, however, in accordance with modern historical research, negotiations on this topic were only a red herring organized by the Reich. By September 20, Polish and German diplomats jointly developed a draft of new state borders, which was later sent to Munich. On September 21, 1938, in the midst of the Sudeten crisis, the Polish authorities issued an ultimatum to Czechoslovakia, demanding the transfer of Zaolzie.
On September 30, Warsaw sent an ultimatum to Prague demanding that the Polish conditions be accepted by 12:00 on October 1 and fulfilled within 10 days. In the course of an urgently organized consultation, France and Great Britain, fearing a breakdown in the Munich process, put pressure on Czechoslovak Foreign Minister K. Kroft, forcing him to agree to the conditions set. On October 1, Czechoslovak troops began to withdraw from the border, and Zaolzie was transferred to Poland. With Zaolzie, Poland acquired 805 km² of territory and 227,400 inhabitants.
In total, the Second Commonwealth bordered on 6 states: Germany: the Weimar Republic - until 1933, Nazi Germany - from 1933, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania. "Peaceful" Poland, which sought to live in peace with its neighbors, waged wars or conflicts with four of them.
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